By Land and By Sea: Qing China's Foreign Relations

Binli, the rites for guests, was one of the five classical categories of ritual, the one that governed how envoys from abroad were received. Under the Qing, a bureau of the Ministry of Rites was in charge of these rites, and a hostel in Beijing received the tribute envoys of vassal and foreign states and provided interpreters. The affairs of Mongolia, Tibet, and Russia went instead to the Lifan Yuan, renamed in 1638 from the Mongol office set up under Hong Taiji. In 1861 the Zongli Yamen was founded to handle foreign affairs, taking over the dealings with Russia as well, and in 1901 it became the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Look at which scripts a document uses (Chinese, Manchu, or a foreign language), and whether the emperor or a country's name is raised above the other lines.

Who wrote this document, and to whom? Can you tell from its layout which side stood higher?